Biology / Chemistry Electives\n- Eukaryotic Cell Biology \u2013 the cell biology of
eukaryotes \u2013 plants, animals, fungi, and protists (microscopic and single cell organisms) \u2013 whose cells have a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus
\n- Microbiology
\n- Genetics
\n- Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory
\n- Human Pathology
\n- Forensic Pathology
\n- Quantitative Analysis
\n- Inorganic Chemistry
\n- Physical Chemistry
\n- Cancer Biology \n
Master\u2019s Degree in Toxicology \u2013 Two to Three Year Duration
\nAt the master\u2019s level students can design their program in consultation with a faculty member, to focus on their particular area of interest. The master\u2019s program\u2019s culminating requirement is a thesis based on original research.
\n
Doctoral Degree in Toxicology \u2013 Four to Six Year Duration
\nThe master\u2019s program involves a lot of taught courses. It emphasizes the transition from pure subject learning to independent research. On the other hand, the doctoral degree is like a very long dissertation project. Ph.D. students have a great deal of independence. They have the benefit of supervision from a faculty advisor and may complete some taught classes, but their focus is on their independent research, on contributing original \u2013 new \u2013 knowledge to the field of toxicology.
\n
Most toxicologists hold either a master\u2019s or doctoral degree in the field. Below are descriptions of some possible specializations that graduate students may choose to pursue:
\n
Environmental Toxicology \u2013 focuses on the impact of environmental pollution and pollutants originating in human activity; possible research areas include:
\n- Ecotoxicology - the study of the diverse effects of chemicals on ecosystems structure, functions, and biodiversity
\n- Non-target Species Toxicity \u2013 species that are incidentally impacted by an action towards a target species (example: species such as sharks, rays, and turtles, that are incidentally captured while fishing for tuna, the target species)
\n- Environmental Monitoring \u2013 an environmental management practice that is implemented on most construction and development projects to monitor whether the quality of the environment is getting better or worse
\n- Pesticide Chemistry and Toxicology
\n- Risk Assessment
\n
Molecular Toxicology \u2013 focuses on the effects of chemical components on living organisms; possible research areas include:
\n- Molecular Toxic Mechanisms \u2013 deals with the three factors that determine the toxicity of a substance: its chemical structure, the extent to which the substance is absorbed by the body, and the body\u2019s ability to detoxify the substance and eliminate it from the body
\n- Toxicogenomics \u2013 the study of the structure and function of the genome as it responds to cellular exposure to foreign substances
\n- Proteinomics \u2013 the identification and study of the totality of the proteins in an organism
\n
Biomedical Toxicology \u2013 the movement of toxic compounds in the body and the effects of chemicals on biological systems; possible research areas include:
\n- Toxicokinetics \u2013 the study of how a substance gets into the body and what happens to it in the body
\n- Toxicodynamics \u2013 the study of the effects of a toxicant on a biological system
\n- Systems Toxicology \u2013 the use of advanced analytical and computational tools to understand the ways in which foreign substances alter biological systems
\n- Drug Addiction \u2013 the toxicology of drug abuse and drug addiction
\n- Biomarkers and Biomonitoring \u2013 the study of biological markers or measures of a normal or abnormal biological state, and the observation and assessment of those states and ongoing changes related to toxic exposure
\n
Clinical Toxicology \u2013 focuses on the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals in humans, and especially how to treat patients who have been exposed to a toxic substance
\n
Veterinary Toxicology \u2013 the specialty of veterinary medicine dealing with the effects of poisons in the animal kingdom
", "display_order": 2, "created_at": "2019-10-01T11:36:09.761109-07:00", "updated_at": "2022-01-07T14:55:32.867219-08:00"}, {"degree_id": 923, "page": 1, "title": "Degrees Similar to Toxicology", "summary_markdown": "**[Biochemistry](/degrees/biochemistry-degree/)** \r\nThe focus of biochemistry is the chemical processes and reactions that occur in living matter. Biochemists apply principles of both biology and chemistry to issues in many different sectors, including the environment, medicine and health, industry and manufacturing, agriculture, biofuels, and marine science. \r\n\r\n**[Biology](/degrees/biology-degree/)** \r\nA general biology degree program may include subjects like animal biology, invertebrate biology, vertebrate biology, cellular and molecular biology, evolution, microbiology, and ecology. \r\n\r\n**[Biotechnology](/degrees/biotechnology-degree/)** \r\nMajors in this field study engineering and the life sciences to create new products \u2013 such as vaccines, medicines, growth hormones for plants, and food additives \u2013 for the agricultural, industrial, and environmental industries. Among typical classes are biochemistry, general biology, cell biology, chemistry, and genetics. \r\n\r\n**[Chemistry](/degrees/chemistry-degree/)** \r\nChemistry deals with identifying the substances that make up matter. Degree programs in chemistry focus on investigating these substances: their properties; how they interact, combine, and change; and how scientists can use chemical processes to form new substances. \r\n\r\n**[Forensic Science](/degrees/forensic-science-degree/)** \r\nThe objective of forensic science is to solve crimes by applying science and scientific methods to the justice system. Degrees programs in the field, therefore, train students to use cutting-edge techniques to examine and interpret autopsy results and evidence in criminal and civil cases. \r\n\r\nBecause forensic science draws upon the sciences of biology, physics, and chemistry, these subject areas make up an important part of the forensics curriculum.", "content_markdown": "**[Microbiology](/degrees/microbiology-degree/)** \r\nMicrobiology is the study of all living organisms that are too small to see with the naked eye. These \u2018microbes\u2019 include bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa, and algae. \r\n\r\n**[Pharmacology](/degrees/pharmacology-degree/)** \r\nPharmacologists study how drugs and medicines work so they can be used in the right way. The work naturally involves an understanding of chemical and biological interactions. \r\n\r\n**[Public Health](/degrees/public-health-degree/)** \r\nStudents who enter degree programs in public health look at how access and lack of access to healthcare, health education, and funding affect the spread, treatment, and prevention of disease. Epidemiology \u2013 the science concerned with the spread and control of diseases and viruses \u2013 is the science at the heart of public health.", "content_html": "
Microbiology
\nMicrobiology is the study of all living organisms that are too small to see with the naked eye. These \u2018microbes\u2019 include bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa, and algae.
\n
Pharmacology
\nPharmacologists study how drugs and medicines work so they can be used in the right way. The work naturally involves an understanding of chemical and biological interactions.
\n
Public Health
\nStudents who enter degree programs in public health look at how access and lack of access to healthcare, health education, and funding affect the spread, treatment, and prevention of disease. Epidemiology \u2013 the science concerned with the spread and control of diseases and viruses \u2013 is the science at the heart of public health.
", "display_order": 3, "created_at": "2019-10-01T11:36:09.762143-07:00", "updated_at": "2022-01-07T14:58:06.403231-08:00"}, {"degree_id": 923, "page": 1, "title": "Skills You’ll Learn", "summary_markdown": "- Ability to work both independently and in teams \r\n- Ability to work under pressure \r\n- Comfort using complex equipment \r\n- Communication and interpersonal skills \r\n- Computer literacy and information technology \r\n- Decisiveness \r\n- Experiment design \r\n- Math skills \r\n- Meticulous attention to detail \r\n- Observation, investigative, and problem-solving skills \r\n- Patience \r\n- Practical lab skills \r\n- Report writing \r\n- Research and analytical skills \r\n- Safety consciousness", "content_markdown": "", "content_html": "", "display_order": 4, "created_at": "2019-10-01T11:36:09.763179-07:00", "updated_at": "2022-01-07T14:54:00.825241-08:00"}, {"degree_id": 923, "page": 1, "title": "What Can You Do with a Toxicology Degree?", "summary_markdown": "Toxicology programs prepare students to work in these principal sectors: \r\n\r\n- Academia \u2013 as scientists/researchers, professors, research associates and technicians, and laboratory technicians \r\n- Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Industries \u2013 as research and development scientists, clinical researchers, regulatory affairs specialists, medical science liaisons, sales representatives, drug safety associates, clinical trial monitors, pharmaceutical marketing and information specialists, and laboratory technicians \r\n- Healthcare \u2013 as clinical scientists, research associates, lab technicians, and clinical study coordinators \r\n- Forensics \u2013 as forensic toxicologists, who perform tests on samples of bodily fluids collected by forensic pathologists during an autopsy or by crime scene investigators \r\n- Insurance \u2013 as insurance risk analysts \r\n- Government \u2013 as scientists/researchers, environmental assessors and monitors, regulatory compliance officers, drug safety monitors, chemical risk assessment analysts, drug/toxicant information specialists \r\n- Chemical, Cosmetic, and other Consumer Product Companies \u2013 as new product safety assessors \r\n- Medical/Scientific Journalism \u2013 as writers, editors, and consultants", "content_markdown": "", "content_html": "", "display_order": 5, "created_at": "2019-10-01T11:36:09.764401-07:00", "updated_at": "2022-01-07T14:54:00.847986-08:00"}], "degree_specializations": []}">
